Alfonso Marshall

March 10th, 2010

















Alfonso Marshall

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Alfonso Marshall
Date of birth: January 17, 1981 (1981-01-17) (age 29)
Place of birth: Clewiston, Florida
Career information
Position(s): Cornerback
College: Miami (Fla.)
NFL Draft: 2004 / Round: 7 / Pick 215
Organizations
 As player:
2004 Chicago Bears
Playing stats at CBS.com

Alfonso Lanard Marshall (born January 17, 1981 in Clewiston, Florida) is a former American football cornerback who played for the Chicago Bears. He was selected with the 14th pick of the seventh round of the 2004 NFL Draft out of the University of Miami.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Marshall”
Categories: 1981 births | Living people | American football cornerbacks | People from Florida | Chicago Bears players | Miami Hurricanes football players | Defensive back, 1980s birth stubs

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Education and training of electrical and electronics engineers

March 10th, 2010

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Education and training of electrical and electronics engineers

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Both electrical and electronics engineers typically possess an academic degree with a major in electrical/ electronics engineering. The length of study for such a degree is usually three or four years and the completed degree may be designated as a Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Applied Science depending upon the university.

Contents

  • 1 Scope of undergraduate education
  • 2 Post graduate studies
  • 3 Typical electrical/electronics engineering undergraduate syllabus
    • 3.1 Electromagnetics
    • 3.2 Network theory
    • 3.3 Electronic devices and circuits
    • 3.4 Signals and systems
    • 3.5 Control systems
    • 3.6 Communications
  • 4 Certification

Scope of undergraduate education

The degree generally includes units covering physics, mathematics, project management and specific topics in electrical and electronics engineering. Initially such topics cover most, if not all, of the sub fields of electrical engineering. Students then choose to specialize in one or more sub fields towards the end of the degree. In most countries, a Bachelor’s degree in engineering represents the first step towards certification and the degree program itself is certified by a professional body. After completing a certified degree program the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements (including work experience requirements) before being certified. Once certified the engineer is designated the title of Professional Engineer (in the United States and Canada), Chartered Engineer (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, South Africa and Zimbabwe), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia) or European Engineer (in much of the European Union).

Post graduate studies

Some electrical engineers also choose to pursue a postgraduate degree such as a Master of Engineering, a Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering or an Engineer’s degree. The Master and Engineer’s degree may consist of either research, coursework or a mixture of the two. The Doctor of Philosophy consists of a significant research component and is often viewed as the entry point to academia. In the United Kingdom and various other European countries, the Master of Engineering is often considered an undergraduate degree of slightly longer duration than the Bachelor of Engineering.

Typical electrical/electronics engineering undergraduate syllabus

Apart from electromagnetics and network theory, other items in the syllabus are particular to electronics engineering course. Electrical engineering courses have other specializations such as machines, power generation and distribution. Note that the following list does not include the large quantity of mathematics (maybe apart from the final year) included in each year’s study.

Electromagnetics

Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss’ and Stokes’ theorems, Maxwell’s equations: differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through various media; reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin depth. Transmission lines: characteristic impedance; impedance transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching; pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes in rectangular waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off frequencies; dispersion relations. Antennas: Dipole antennas; antenna arrays; radiation pattern; reciprocity theorem, antenna gain.

Network theory

Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set and fundamental circuit matrices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton’s maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using Laplace transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions. State equations for networks.

Electronic devices and circuits

Electronic Devices: Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in silicon: diffusion current, drift current, mobility, resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers. p-n junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, p-I-n and avalanche photo diode, LASERs. Device technology: integrated circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process.

Analog Circuits: Equivalent circuits (large and small-signal) of diodes, BJTs, JFETs, and MOSFETs. Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential, operational, feedback and power. Analysis of amplifiers; frequency response of amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits. Power supplies.

Digital circuits: Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinational circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers and decoders. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, DACs. Semiconductor memories. Microprocessor(8085): architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfacing.

Signals and systems

Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, z-transform. Sampling theorems. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and properties; casualty, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission through LTI systems. Random signals and noise: probability, random variables, probability density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density.

Control systems

Control system components; block diagrammatic description, reduction of block diagrams. Open loop and closed loop (feedback) systems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient and steady state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency response. Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis: root loci, Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Bode and Nyquist plots. Control system compensators: elements of lead and lag compensation, elements of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control. State variable representation and solution of state equation of LTI control systems.

Communications

Communication systems: amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne receivers; elements of hardware, realizations of analog communication systems; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) for low noise conditions. Digital communication systems: pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), delta modulation (DM); digital modulation schemes-amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), matched filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and probability of error calculations for these schemes.

Certification

The advantages of certification vary depending upon location. For example, in the United States and Canada “only a licensed engineer may…seal engineering work for public and private clients”. This requirement is enforced by state and provincial legislation such as Quebec’s Engineers Act. In other countries, such as Australia, no such legislation exists. Practically all certifying bodies maintain a code of ethics that they expect all members to abide by or risk expulsion. In this way these organizations play an important role in maintaining ethical standards for the profession. Even in jurisdictions where certification has little or no legal bearing on work, engineers are subject to contract law. In cases where an engineer’s work fails he or she may be subject to the tort of negligence and, in extreme cases, the charge of criminal negligence. An engineer’s work must also comply with numerous other rules and regulations such as building codes and legislation pertaining to environmental law.

Significant professional bodies for electrical engineers include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology(IET). The IEEE claims to produce 30 percent of the world’s literature on electrical engineering, has over 360,000 members worldwide and holds over 300 conferences annually. The IET publishes 14 journals, has a worldwide membership of 120,000, certifies Chartered Engineers in the United Kingdom and claims to be the largest professional engineering society in Europe.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_and_training_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineers”
Categories: Electrical engineeringHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 | All articles lacking sources

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2007 Emerald Bowl

March 9th, 2010

















2007 Emerald Bowl

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2007 Emerald Bowl
Bowl Game
2007 SF Emerald Bowl LOS crop.jpg
Oregon State on offense
1 2 3 4 Total
Maryland 14 0 0 0 14
Oregon State 7 7 7 0 21
Date December 28, 2007
Season 2007
Stadium AT&T Park
Location San Francisco, California
MVP Offensive: Yvenson Bernard (OSU)

Defensive: Derrick Doggett (OSU)

Favorite Oregon State by 5
Attendance 32,517
United States TV coverage
Network ESPN
Announcers Sean McDonough, Chris Spielman
Emerald Bowl

 < 2006  2008

The 2007 Emerald Bowl, part of the 2007-08 NCAA football bowl games season, was played on December 27, 2007, at AT&T Park in San Francisco, California, with the Atlantic Coast Conference represented by the Maryland Terrapins against the Oregon State Beavers, representing the Pacific-10 Conference.

The Terrapins scored all of their 14 points in the first quarter, while the Beavers scored successive touchdowns in the first, second and third quarters to win the game 21-14. Running back Yvenson Bernard and linebacker Derrick Doggett were the game MVPs.

References

  1. ^ World Feature Syndicate via Long Beach Press-Telegram, Dec. 20, 2007

External links

  • Emerald Bowl official website

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Emerald_Bowl”
Categories: 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season | Emerald Bowl | Maryland Terrapins football bowl games | Oregon State Beavers football bowl games | College football bowl stubs

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Jozef Pia?ek

March 9th, 2010

















Jozef Pia?ek

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Jozef Pia?ek
Personal information
Full name Jozef Pia?ek
Date of birth June 20, 1983 (1983-06-20) (age 26)
Place of birth    Zlaté Moravce, Czechoslovakia
Height 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
Playing position Defender
Club information
Current club MŠK Žilina
Number 15
Youth career
TJ Tekovské Nemce
Senior career1
Years Club App (Gls)*
2004-2005
2006-2008
2008-present
ViOn Zlaté Moravce
Skonto R?ga
MŠK Žilina
 ? (?)
31 (3)
20 (1)   

1 Senior club appearances and goals
counted for the domestic league only and
correct as of 11 July 2009.
* Appearances (Goals)

Jozef Pia?ek (born June 20, 1983) is a football defender from Slovakia who plays for MŠK Žilina.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_Pia%C4%8Dek”
Categories: 1983 births | Living people | Slovak footballers | Skonto FC players | Expatriate footballers in Latvia | MŠK Žilina players | Slovak football biography stubsHidden categories: Unreferenced BLPs from August 2009 | All unreferenced BLPs

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  • Latviešu
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Canadian Club

March 7th, 2010

















Canadian Club

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Canadian Club
Canadian Club Whisky logo.svg
Type Canadian whisky
Manufacturer Fortune Brands
Country of origin Canada
Introduced 1854
Proof 80

Canadian Club is a brand of whisky from Canada. Popularly known as C.C., Canadian Club began production in 1858. It was established by Hiram Walker, and was known as Walker’s Club Whiskey.

Contents

  • 1 History
  • 2 Advertising
  • 3 Types
  • 4 See also
  • 5 External links
  • 6 References

History

Walker founded his distillery in 1858 in Detroit. He first learned how to distill cider vinegar in his grocery store in the 1830s before moving onto whisky and producing his first barrels in 1854. However, with prohibition looming and Michigan already becoming “dry”, Walker decided to move his distillery across the Detroit River to Windsor, Ontario. From here, he was able to export his whisky, continue to perfect the distillation process and start to develop Walkerville, a community that Walker financed and sourced most of his employees from.

Walker’s whisky was particularly popular in the late 19th century gentlemen’s clubs of the U.S. and Canada; hence it became known as “Club Whisky”. Walker originally positioned his Club Whisky as a premium liquor, pitching it not only on its smoothness and purity but also the length of the aging process (Walker’s whisky was aged in oak barrels for a minimum of five years). This was revolutionary at the time, as all of the U.S. bourbons and whiskies were aged for less than a year.

Club Whisky became very popular and American distillers petitioned for the inclusion of the word “Canada” on the bottle to distinguish it from their competing whiskies, thinking it would halt the popularity of Walker’s. This backfired, only making Club Whisky more exclusive. Walker saw this and changed the label again in 1889 adding the word “Canadian” to the top of the label, distinguishing Walker’s recipe for his whisky from the other processes of the time (Scotch, Irish and U.S.). Hiram blended corn and barley in addition to rye before putting it in the barrels for maturation, a recipe that is now renowned throughout the world as that of Canadian whisky.

In 1890, the word “Canadian” was moved down from the top of the label and incorporated into the name of the whisky. This, however, was only temporary, as three years later the logo was changed again, transforming from a bold font into the scripted typeface that we see worldwide today (See logo above).

It was not until the American government introduced the Bottled in bond law in 1894 that the people of America really started drinking Canadian Club. It was thanks to the passing of this law that all whiskey labelling had to include maturation time. This re-affirmed the fact that aging whisky was not just a fad and that, generally speaking, the older the whisky, the better the quality.

Walker’s distillery went to his sons upon his death in 1899. Over the years, the family has branched out into other businesses. At one point, the Walkers employed almost the entire population of Walkerville, where they built police and fire stations, brought in running water and installed street lights. In 1890, the Canadian government acknowledged Walkerville as a legal town. It was incorporated into Windsor in 1935.

During the years of Prohibition, one of the distillery’s most important clients was Chicago gangster Al Capone. He smuggled in thousands of cases of Canadian Club via a route from Windsor to Detroit.

Canadian Club has received the royal warrants of Queen Victoria, King Edward VII, King George V, King George VI, and Queen Elizabeth II. Hiram Walker & Sons was the only North American distiller to have been granted a royal warrant.. This was later withdrawn.

The Walker distillery remains in production in Windsor. Hiram Walker’s main production is now Wiser’s Whisky (Canada’s best-selling whisky family), Polar Ice Vodka, Lamb’s Rum and Malibu Rum.

Canadian Club is now part of the Jim Beam portfolio. It is its No. 4-selling alcoholic product, behind Jim Beam bourbon whiskey, Sauza tequila and DeKuyper cordials.

Advertising

In 1967, Hiram Walker & Sons launched their “Hide A Case” advertising campaign that involved enticing drinkers to seek out cases of Canadian Club that had been hidden at exotic locations throughout the world. Locations included Mount Kilimanjaro, Angel Falls, Mount St. Helens, and the Swiss Alps. The Mount Kilimanjaro case was not discovered until a Dutch journalist happened upon it in the mid-1970s. A small number of cases, such as one hidden above the Arctic Circle, were never found.

The first “Hide A Case” campaign officially ended in 1971, and a second was started in 1975. This campaign used cases hidden in locations intended to be easier to access, such as in Death Valley and on top of a skyscraper in New York City. This second advertising campaign ended in 1981; between it and the first effort, a total of 22 cases were hidden and at least 16 recovered.

Types


Bottles of Canadian Club Whisky for sale at a liquor store in Iizaka, Fukushima, Japan

Canadian club comes in seven varieties. All are 80 proof (40% alcohol by volume) unless otherwise noted.

  • Canadian Club 6 Year Old / Canadian Club Premium

This is the most popular of the Canadian Club range, a basic brand. Often used as a mixer, the whisky typically matures for, as the name suggests, six years. It is sold in more than 150 countries. The product sold in Australia and New Zealand is 74 proof (37% abv).

  • Canadian Club Reserve

The reserve line is matured for a decade, according to the company, to give it a richer flavor.

  • Canadian Club Classic

A 12-year-old whisky.

  • Canadian Club 100 Proof

Matured for six years and distilled to 100 proof (50% abv), supposedly to give it a stronger, richer flavor.

  • Canadian Club Sherry Cask

Double matured, first in white oak barrels for at least eight years, then sherry casks made from Spanish wood. It is 82.6-proof (41.3% abv) and is touted by the company the finest in the Canadian Club range.

  • Canadian Club Dry

Launched in Australia in April 2001, this ready-to-drink beverage is a pre-mixed blend of six-year old Canadian Club and ginger ale. It is 10 -proof (5% abv) and is sold in a 330ml bottle.

Canadian Club is also produced in limited quantities in older agings (15 years and up) for special markets. For the whisky’s 150th anniversary in 2008, a 30-year-old version has been released in a very limited bottling.

See also

  • Gooderham and Worts Distillery
  • Hiram Walker
  • Harry C. Hatch
  • Canadian whisky
  • Whisky
  • Distilled beverage

A Triple C is a home-blended whiskey cocktail composed of a halfshot of C.C. and a halfshot of Old Crow over ice. The combination of C.C. and Crow creates a flavor profile that is smooth and comparable to an expensive bourbon like Maker’s Mark. In the Street fighter II V series theres a photograph of Ken in the end of show credits with a Canadian Club billboard in the city background.

External links

  • Canadian Club Whisky
  • Walkerville Times

References

  1. ^ Getting The Royal Treatment
  2. ^ In those old Canadian Club ads, did anyone find the hidden cases of whiskey?

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Club”
Categories: Canadian whisky | Economy of Windsor, Ontario | Fortune Brands brands | 1858 establishments | Royal Warrant HoldersHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from March 2009 | All articles lacking sources | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009

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Jeong Mi Sook

March 7th, 2010

















Jeong Mi Sook

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Jeong Mi Sook (Hangul:???, born December 25, 1962) is a Korean voice actor.

She joined the KBS Voice Acting Division’s voice acting division in 1984.

Contents

  • 1 Role
    • 1.1 Broadcast TV
    • 1.2 Movie dubbing
    • 1.3 Games
  • 2 See also
  • 3 Homepage

Role

Broadcast TV

  • Clamp School Detectives (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Nokoru Imonoyama
  • Pita-Ten (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Misha
  • Futari wa Pretty Cure (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Cure Black/Nagisa Misumi
  • Jang Geum’s Dream (Korea TV Edition, MBC) - Seo Jang Geum
  • One Piece (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Nami
  • Tokyo Mew Mew (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Ichigo Momomiya
  • InuYasha (Korea TV Edition, AnioneTV) - Kagome Higurashi
  • Kamikaze Kaito Jeanne (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Maron Kusakabe/Kaito Jeanne
  • Magic Knight Rayearth (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Hikaru Shidou
  • The Irresponsible Captain Tylor (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse)
  • Nurse Angel Ririka SOS (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Ririka Moriya
  • Digimon Adventure (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Taichi Kamiya
  • Astro Boy (Korea TV Edition, SBS) - Astro Boy
  • Cowboy Bebop (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Faye Valentine
  • Erementar Gerad (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Cisqua
  • Kanon (Korea TV Edition, Animax) - Nayuki Minase
  • Mahojin Guru Guru (Korea TV Edition, Tooniverse) - Kukuri
  • Element Hunters (Korea TV Edition, KBS) - Ren Karas

Movie dubbing

  • The Sixth Sense (replacing Haley Joel Osment, Korea TV Edition, KBS)
  • Interview with the Vampire (replacing Kirsten Dunst, Korea TV Edition, MBC)
  • Leon (film) (replacing Natalie Portman, Korea TV Edition, KBS)
  • Demolition Man (film) (replacing Sandra Bullock, Korea TV Edition, SBS)
  • Roman Holiday (replacing Audrey Hepburn, Korea TV Edition, SBS)

Games

  • Magna Carta: Crimson Stigmata - Reith
  • The War of Genesis Side Story II: Tempest - Elizabeth Pandragon
  • Girlfriend of Steel - Asuka Langley Soryu

See also

Homepage

  • Jeong Mi Sook Fan Site (in Korean)
  • Jeong Mi Sook Fan Cafe (in Korean)
  • KBS Voice Acting division Jeong Mi Sook blog (in Korean)

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeong_Mi_Sook”
Categories: 1962 births | Living people | South Korean voice actors | Voice actor stubs | Korean actor stubs

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James Morgan (congressman)

March 7th, 2010

















James Morgan (congressman)

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James Morgan (December 29, 1756 – November 11, 1822) was a Continental Army officer during the American Revolutionary War and a United States Congressman from New Jersey. He was born in Amboy, New Jersey, in 1756.

He attended the public schools in New Jersey, and later served as an officer in the New Jersey Line during the Revolutionary War. He went on to serve as a representative in the general assembly in Philadelphia, Pa., 1794–1799, and, later, was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Twelfth Congress (March 4, 1811 – March 3, 1813). He was also engaged in agricultural pursuits, and became a major general of militia. He died in South Amboy, New Jersey, on November 11, 1822. He was interred in the Morgan private cemetery, in Morgan, New Jersey.

References

  • James Morgan (congressman) at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Morgan_(congressman)”
Categories: New Jersey politician stubs | 1756 births | 1822 deaths | Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey

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Gold(III) bromide

March 5th, 2010

















Gold(III) bromide

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Gold(III) bromide

IUPAC name
gold(III) bromide

other names
Auric bromide
Gold bromide
Gold(III) bromide
Gold tribromide
Digold hexabromide

Identifiers
CAS number 10294-28-7, 11092-53-8
Properties
Molecular formula AuBr3
Molar mass 436.69 g/mol
Appearance dark red to black crystalline
Melting point

97.5 °C

Hazards
NFPA 704

NFPA 704.svg
0
3
0

Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Gold(III) bromide is a dark-red to black crystalline solid. It has the empirical formula AuBr3, but exists primarily as a dimer with the molecular formula Au2Br6 in which two gold atoms are bridged by two bromine atoms. It is commonly referred to as gold(III) bromide, gold tribomide, and rarely but traditionally auric bromide, and sometimes as digold hexabromide. As is similar with the other gold halides, this compound is unique for being a coordination complex of a group 11 transition metal that is stable in an oxidation state of three whereas copper or silver complexes persist in oxidation states of one or two.

Contents

  • 1 History
  • 2 Structure
  • 3 Preparation
  • 4 Chemical Properties
  • 5 Uses
  • 6 References
  • 7 External links

History

The first mention of any research or study of the gold halides dates back to the early to mid 1800s, and there are three primary researchers associated with the extensive investigation of this particular area of chemistry: Thomsen, Schottländer, and Krüss.

Structure

The dimer, digold hexabromide, has structural properties similar to those of the other gold trihalide dimeric complounds, such as gold(III) chloride. The gold centers exhibit square planar coordination with bond angles of roughly 90 degrees.
Calculations indicate that in the hypothetical monomeric forms of the gold trihalides, the Jahn-Teller effect causes differences to arise in the structures of the gold halide complexes. For instance, gold(III) bromide contains one long and two short gold-bromine bonds whereas gold(III) chloride and gold(III) fluoride consist of two long and one short gold-halogen bonds. Moreover, gold tribromide does not exhibit the same coordination around the central gold atom as gold trichloride or gold trifluoride. In the latter complexes, the coordination exhibits a T-conformation, but in gold tribromide the coordination exists as more of a dynamic balance between a Y-conformation and a T-conformation. This coordination difference can be attributed to the Jahn-Teller effect but more so to the decrease in ?-back bonding of the gold atoms with the bromine ligands compared to the ?-back bonding found with fluorine and chlorine ligands. It is also this decrease in ?-back bonding which explains why gold tribromide is less stable than its trifluoride and trichloride counterparts.

                       Gold Bromide.png

Preparation

The most common synthesis method of gold(III) bromide is heating gold and excess liquid bromine at 140 °C:

Alternatively, the halide-exchange reaction of gold(III) chloride with hydrobromic acid has also been proven successful in synthesizing gold(III) bromide:

This reaction is driven by the production of the relatively more stable hydrochloric acid compared with hydrobromic acid.

Chemical Properties

The neutral monomer AuBr3, as well as the other neutral gold trihalide species, has not been isolated in the gas phase which indicates the coordination number three is not favored. Predominantly, gold(III) displays square planar coordination corresponding to a preferred coordination number of four.
Specifically, in solution gold(III) trihalides have the tendency to add a fourth ligand to form the more preferred four-coordinate complex. With respect to gold tribromide, it is common to purchase gold(III) bromide hydrate, AuBr3 ? H2O, where the central gold atom exhibits a coordination number of four, rather than the anhydrous form of the compound, which exhibits a coordination number of three.
Alternatively, if there is no addition of a fourth ligand, gold tribromide will oligomerize to form the halogen-bridged dimer complex mentioned previously.

Furthermore, like gold(III) chloride, gold tribromide is a lewis acid and can form several complexes. For example, in the presence of hydrobromic acid, the dimer dissolves and bromoauric acid is formed.

The dimer also undergoes hydrolysis rapidly in moist air.

Uses

Gold(III) Bromide is used as a catalyst in a variety of reactions, but one of its most interesting uses is found in the Diels-Alder reaction. Specifically, the compound catalyzes the reaction between an enynal unit and carbonyl compounds to form a six-membered cyclic compound.

                     Gold Bromide in Diels-Alder Reaction.png

Another catalytic use of gold tribromide is in the nucleophilic substitution reaction of propargylic alcohols. In this reaction, the gold complex acts as an alcohol-activating agent to facilitate the substitution.

                     Propargylic Alcohol Nucleophilic Substitution.png

References

  1. ^ a b c Macintyre, J. E. (ed.) Dictionary of Inorganic Compounds; Chapman & Hall: London, 1992; vol. 1, pp. 121
  2. ^ a b Greenwood, N.N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements; Butterworth-Heineman: Oxford,1997; pp. 1183-1185
  3. ^ a b c d e f Cotton, F.A.; Wilkinson, G.; Murillo, C.A.; Bochmann, M. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1999; pp. 1101-1102
  4. ^ a b c d Schulz, A.; Hargittai, M. Chem. Eur. J. 2001, vol. 7, pp. 3657-3670
  5. ^ a b c d Schwerdtfeger, P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, vol. 111, pp. 7261-7262
  6. ^ Lengefield, F. American Chemical Journal 1901, vol. 26, pp. 324
  7. ^ Thomsen, J. J. prakt. Chem. 1876, vol. 13, pp. 337
  8. ^ Schottländer, Ann. Chem. (Liebig), vol. 217, pp. 312
  9. ^ Krüss, G. Ber. d. chem. Ges. 1887, vol. 20, pp. 2634
  10. ^ Dell’Amico, D.B.; Calderazzo, F.; Morvillo, A.; Pelizzi, G; Robino, P. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1991, pp. 3009-3016
  11. ^ a b c Schwerdtfeger, P.; Boyd, P.D.W.; Brienne, S.; Burrell, K. Inorg. Chem. 1992, vol. 31, pp. 3411-3422
  12. ^ Asao, N.; Aikawa, H.; Yamamoto, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, vol. 126, pp. 7458-7459
  13. ^ Georgy, M.; Boucard, V.; Campagne, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, vol. 127, pp. 14180-14181

External links

  • Sigma Alrich Product info for Gold(III) Bromide
  • Web Elements info page for Gold(III) Bromide

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold(III)_bromide”
Categories: Bromides | Gold compounds | Inorganic compound stubs

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Andrea Guasch

March 5th, 2010

















Andrea Guasch

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Andrea Guasch
Born December 20, 1990 (1990-12-20) (age 19)
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Occupation Actress, singer, dancer
Years active 2002 - present

Andrea Guasch (December 20 1990) is a Spanish actress, singer, and dancer. She started her artistic career when she was just 2 years old when she played the starred a commercial.

When she was 4, she started taking classes of classic ballet and jazz, as well as hip-hop, breakdance, tap dancing and contemporary dancing. She still attends dance classes today.

In her childhood she took part in almost a hundred television commercials before becoming a theater actress. In the last nine years she has participated in a lot of acting, singing and dubbing courses and seminars in various specialised centres such as “Escola Memory”, “Eòlia”, “Magatzem d’Arts”, “Aules”…

As a result, she has played parts in some plays, such as “La extraña señora Vernon” (2002), “Mulato” (2002), “Les obres completes de William Shakespeare” (2003), “El lladre de fantasies” (2003) or “Arsénico por compasión” (2004). She has also had parts in two musicals, “Annie” (2002) and “Peter Pan” (2003), in two telemovies, “Dalí etre Dieu” (2001) and “L’orquestra de les estrelles” (2002), and in the feature film Seeing Double (2002).

Andrea has also appeared in episodes of TV shows in Spain such as “Javier ya no vive solo” (2003), “De Moda” (2004), “El Comisario” (2005), “Ellas y el sexo débil” (2006), “MIR” (2007), Hospital Central (2007), “Cuenta atrás” (2007) and “Cuéntame cómo pasó” (2007).

She currently plays a lead part in the show Cambio de Clase (Spanish version of As The Bell Rings), which is broadcast every day on Disney Channel Spain. She has also recorded 9 short programmes with the title “Baila conmigo” where she teaches to dance some well-known choreographies from Disney Channel films. In April 2007, she also took part in the international event Disney Channel Games 2007, held in Orlando, Florida, USA.

External links

  • Andrea Guasch at the Internet Movie Database
  • Official website
  • Official Forum
  • Official MySpace
  • Official Music MySpace

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Guasch”
Categories: 1990 births | Spanish film actors | Spanish television actors | Living people

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Franklin, Alabama

March 5th, 2010

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Franklin, Alabama

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Franklin, Alabama
—  Town  —

Location in Macon County and the state of Alabama
Coordinates: 32°27?19?N 85°48?10?W? / ?32.45528°N 85.80278°W? / 32.45528; -85.80278
Country United States
State Alabama
County Macon
Area
 - Total 3.3 sq mi (8.7 km2)
 - Land 3.3 sq mi (8.7 km2)
 - Water 0 sq mi (0 km2)
Elevation 220 ft (67 m)
Population (2000)
 - Total 149
 - Density 45.2/sq mi (17.1/km2)
Time zone Central (CST) (UTC-6)
 - Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)
FIPS code 01-28024
GNIS feature ID 0156379

Franklin is a town in Macon County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 149.

Geography

Franklin is located at 32°27?19?N 85°48?10?W? / ?32.45528°N 85.80278°W? / 32.45528; -85.80278 (32.455388, -85.802884).

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.3 square miles (8.7 km²), all of it land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 149 people, 64 households, and 48 families residing in the town. The population density was 44.6 people per square mile (17.2/km²). There were 77 housing units at an average density of 23.0/sq mi (8.9/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 56.38% Black or African American and 43.62% White. 0.67% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 64 households out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.6% were married couples living together, 15.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families. 21.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.69.

In the town the population was spread out with 20.1% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 18.1% from 25 to 44, 33.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $35,000, and the median income for a family was $42,188. Males had a median income of $32,917 versus $29,821 for females. The per capita income for the town was $34,572. There were none of the families and 4.9% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 9.7% of those over 64.

References

  1. ^ “US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990″. United States Census Bureau. 2005-05-03. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  2. ^ “American FactFinder”. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 

Coordinates: 32°27?19?N 85°48?10?W? / ?32.455388°N 85.802884°W? / 32.455388; -85.802884

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Alabama”
Categories: Macon County, Alabama | Towns in Alabama | United States communities with African American majority populations | Columbus, Georgia metropolitan areaHidden categories: Infobox Settlement US maintenance

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